Medical students often learn how to perform exploratory surgery procedures, such as laparotomy and laparoscopy, to determine the nature of a health issue. This type of surgery is typically done when other diagnostic tests have come up negative.

The Czech Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the north. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.

A PhD, or Doctorate of Philosophy, is the highest degree awarded in many academic fields. Generally requiring a research project and dissertation, as well as several years of study, a doctorate degree qualifies the holder as an expert in a chosen field.